In the world of distributed systems, there is an old adage: "It’s not if you fail, but how you fail." Recently, Cloudflare—a backbone of the modern internet—stumbled twice in three weeks. On November 18 and December 5, 2025, they experienced significant outages that rippled across
Software Architecture
In the world of distributed systems, one principle stands out as both foundational and frequently misunderstood: the Single Source of Truth (SSOT). When organizations transition from monolithic architectures to microservices, they often struggle with a deceptively simple question: "Who owns this data?" The answer to this question can
Network Security
JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) have become the de facto standard for authentication and authorization in modern distributed systems. When combined with RSA encryption and proper key rotation strategies, they provide a robust security foundation for enterprise applications. However, managing cryptographic keys in GitOps environments presents unique challenges that require careful
Software Architecture
In modern distributed systems, coordinating access to shared resources across multiple nodes is a fundamental challenge. The distributed lock pattern provides an elegant solution to prevent race conditions and ensure data consistency when multiple services need exclusive access to the same resource. This post explores the distributed lock pattern and
Network Security
In today's digital landscape, data security isn't optional—it's fundamental. Whether building a fintech platform, healthcare application, or cloud service, understanding cryptographic key management separates robust systems from vulnerable ones. This guide explores the essential pillars of modern cryptography: encryption algorithms, key derivation functions,
Database
Understanding PostgreSQL locking mechanisms is crucial for building concurrent, high-performance database applications. Row-level locks control how multiple transactions access and modify the same data simultaneously, preventing data corruption while maximizing throughput. This guide explores the essential PostgreSQL locking clauses—FOR UPDATE, FOR SHARE, SKIP LOCKED, and NOWAIT—and demonstrates when
AI Engineering
The landscape of software development has shifted dramatically. AI-powered tools have moved from experimental novelties to essential productivity multipliers in engineering workflows. After observing teams across various organizations adopt these technologies, it's clear that certain tools stand out—not just for their technical capabilities, but for their practical
CS Fundamentals
When building applications that handle concurrent database access, understanding how PostgreSQL manages transactions and isolation levels becomes critical. These mechanisms determine how your application behaves when multiple users or processes access the same data simultaneously. Getting this right can mean the difference between a reliable system and one plagued by
Software Architecture
In the evolution of cloud-native architectures, service mesh has emerged as a fundamental infrastructure layer that addresses the complexity of microservices communication. As organizations scale their distributed systems, understanding service mesh benefits becomes essential for building resilient, observable, and secure applications. What Is a Service Mesh? A service mesh is
Architecting products that scale. Build, launch, and grow.
There's a common pattern that emerges in growing applications: what starts as a single, elegant API eventually becomes a tangled mess of optional parameters, conditional logic, and endpoints trying to serve too many masters. Web clients need different data than mobile apps. Third-party integrations require different authentication flows.
How Databases Store Data: An Introduction to B-Trees As software architects, we often design systems that rely heavily on robust data storage. Understanding how databases fundamentally organize and retrieve information is crucial for building performant and scalable applications. At the heart of many relational databases lies a fascinating data structure:
Legacy systems are everywhere. They power critical business operations, hold years of institutional knowledge, and—let's be honest—they're often terrifying to touch. Yet as technology evolves, these systems become increasingly expensive to maintain, difficult to extend, and risky to operate. The Strangler Pattern offers a
In distributed systems, maintaining data consistency across various services and data stores is a persistent challenge. A common pitfall arises when a service needs to both update its own database and publish a message to a message broker. If these two operations aren't atomic, a failure in one
As software architects, we're constantly seeking patterns that not only solve immediate problems but also pave the way for future flexibility. In the quest for scalable, maintainable, and highly responsive systems, two powerful patterns often come to the forefront: Event Sourcing and Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS). Having
If you've migrated to microservices, you know the feeling: your application is faster, more flexible, but the simple act of service "A" talking to service "B" has become a network nightmare. Enter the Service Mesh—the critical piece of infrastructure that solves this complexity.